UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K/A

(Amendment No. 1)

(Mark One)

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-38899

Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (514)-336-0444

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value (approximate) of the registrant’s common equity held by non-affiliates based on the closing price of a share of the registrant’s common share for The Nasdaq Stock Market on June 30, 2019 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter at the time of the original filing of the Form 10-K amended by this Form 10-K/A) was $217.5 million.

As of March 3, 2020, the total number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Shares was 24,559,470 shares, net of treasury shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement, in connection with its Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2019, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended.

Explanatory Note

This Amendment No. 1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Amendment No. 1”) of Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the “Registrant”) for the year ended December 31, 2019 as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2020 (the “Original Form 10-K”), is being filed to (i) replace the audit report included in Item 8 of the Original Form 10-K with the audit report included herein, in this Amendment No. 1, for which the only change to Item 8 of the Original Form 10-K is to remove certain additional information that was not required to be included in the audit report prepared in accordance with applicable U.S. securities law and the requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) that was previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of the Original Form 10-K and (ii) to include a revised Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Exhibit 23.1.  The report of our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, as included in this Amendment No. 1, does not modify the unqualified opinion previously expressed in the Original Form 10-K.

Except as described above, this Amendment No. 1 does not amend, modify or update the information in, or exhibits to, the Original Form 10-K, and we have not updated disclosures included therein to reflect any subsequent events. Information not affected by this Amendment No. 1 remains unchanged and reflects the disclosures made at the time of the filing of the Original Form 10-K.  This Amendment No. 1 should be read in conjunction with the Original Form 10-K.

Additionally, in accordance with Rule 12b-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant is including with this Amendment No. 1 currently dated certifications as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2 and 32.1, and Item 15 of Part IV of the Original 10-K is accordingly replaced with the Item 15 included herein.

ITEM 8.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc. and its subsidiary (together, the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, of shareholders’ equity (deficit) and convertible preferred shares and of cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and its results of operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

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Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Montréal, Québec, Canada

March 5, 2020

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

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Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands of US dollars, except share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4

Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands of US dollars, except share and per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

5

Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Convertible Preferred Shares

(in thousands of US dollars, except share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

6

Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands of US dollars)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

7

Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands of US dollars, except share and per share data)

1 Organization and nature of operations

Milestone Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Milestone or the Company) is a biopharmaceutical company incorporated under the Business Corporations Act of Québec. Milestone is focused on the development and commercialization of innovative cardiovascular medicines. Milestone’s lead product candidate, etripamil, is a novel, potent short-acting calcium channel blocker that the Company designed and is developing as a rapid-onset nasal spray to be self-administered by patients. The Company is developing  etripamil to treat paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiovascular indications.

Reverse Share Split

On April 26, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the Company’s articles of incorporation to effect a 1-for-5.3193 reverse share split of the Company’s common shares, convertible preferred shares and the share options of the Company. Accordingly, all common shares, convertible preferred shares, share options and per share amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented to give effect to the reverse share split. The reverse share split was effected on April 26, 2019.

2 Summary of significant accounting policies

a)  Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and Milestone Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. Milestone Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. began its operations on March 3, 2017. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

b)  Basis of presentation and use of accounting estimates

These consolidated financial statements of the Company have been presented in United States dollars (USD) and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), including the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding financial reporting.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the year. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, to determine the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to, research and development tax credits recoverable, research and development expenses, and share based compensation. Accordingly, actual results may differ from those estimates and such differences may be material.

c) Segment information

The Company manages its operations as a single operating segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions while focusing on the development and commercialization of innovative cardiovascular medicines.

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d) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash with original maturities of three months or less at acquisition date.

e) Short term investments

Short term investments are recorded at fair value and are comprised of guaranteed investment certificates with a maturity greater than 90 days but less than one year and, as such, are classified as current assets.

f) Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and investment securities classified as held to maturity. The Company maintains deposits in federal financial institutions. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. Additionally, the Company has adopted an investment policy that includes guidelines relative to credit quality, diversification of maturities and liquidity.

g) Currency Risk

The Company is exposed to currency risk due to financial instruments denominated in foreign currencies. The Company is exposed to the Canadian dollar currency risk and does not enter into arrangements to hedge its currency risk exposure.

h) Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at historical cost less accumulated amortization. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are recorded to expense as incurred. The Company reviews its property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of certain assets might not be recoverable and recognizes an impairment loss when it is probable that an asset’s realizable value is less than the carrying value. To date, no such impairment losses have been recorded. Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets:

i) Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842, Leases (ASC 842), using the required modified retrospective approach and utilizing the effective date as its date of initial application. As a result, prior periods are presented in accordance with the previous guidance in ASC 840, Leases (“ASC 840”).

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present in the arrangement. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and short-term and long-term lease liabilities, as applicable. The Company does not have financing leases.

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are initially recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as incentives received. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate to discount lease payments, which reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. Prospectively, the Company will adjust the right-of-use assets for

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straight-line rent expense or any incentives received and remeasure the lease liability at the net present value using the same incremental borrowing rate that was in effect as of the lease commencement or transition date.

The Company has elected not to recognize leases with an original term of one year or less on the balance sheet. The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew.

j) Share issuance costs

Share issuance costs applicable to the issuance of equity instruments are recorded as a reduction of the financing equity proceeds.

k) Research and development and investment tax credits

Research and development costs are charged against income in the period of expenditure. The Company’s research and development costs consist primarily of salaries and fees paid to contract research organizations (CROs) and to contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs).

Clinical trial expenses include direct costs associated with CROs, direct CMO costs for the formulation and packaging of clinical trial material, as well as investigator and patient related costs at sites at which the Company’s trials are being conducted. Direct costs associated with the Company’s CROs and CMOs are generally payable on a time and materials basis, or when milestones are achieved. The invoicing from clinical trial sites can lag several months. The Company records expenses for its clinical trial activities performed by third parties based upon estimates of the percentage of work completed of the total work over the life of the individual study in accordance with agreements established with CROs and clinical trial sites. The Company determines the estimates through discussions with internal clinical personnel, CROs and CMOs as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed upon fee to be paid for such services based on facts and circumstances known to the Company as of each consolidated balance sheet date. The actual costs and timing of clinical trials are highly uncertain, subject of risks and may change depending upon a number of factors, including the Company’s clinical development plan. If the actual timing of the performance of services of the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly.

The Company recognizes the benefit of Canadian research and development tax credits as a reduction of research and development costs for fully refundable investment tax credits and as a reduction of income taxes for investment tax credits that can only be claimed against income taxes payable when there is reasonable assurance that the claim will be recovered.

l) Income taxes

The provision for income taxes is computed using the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amount of deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized. Tax benefits related to tax positions not deemed to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold are not permitted to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

m) Foreign currency translation and transactions

The functional currency of the Company is the US dollar. Accordingly, transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are measured and recorded in the functional currency at the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transactions. At each consolidated balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured using the exchange rate in effect at that date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities and revenue and expense items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional

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currency using the exchange rate prevailing at the dates of the respective transactions. Any gains or losses arising on remeasurement are included in the consolidated statement of operations.

n) Share based compensation

The Company has a share based compensation plan which is described in detail in note 7 and records all share-based payments, including grants of employee share options, at their fair values. The fair value of share options granted to employees and non-employees is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company recognizes share based compensation expense over the requisite service period of the individual grants, which equals the vesting period, using the straight-line method. Forfeitures, if any, are recorded as they occur. Any consideration paid by employees on exercising share options and the corresponding portion previously credited to contributed surplus are credited to share capital. The Black-Scholes option pricing model used by the Company to calculate option values was developed to estimate fair value.

The Company approved an employee share purchase plan in April 2019, which became effective on May 8, 2019 and is described in detail in note 7. The plan provides a means by which eligible employees of the company and certain designated companies may be given an opportunity to purchase common shares. the plan permits the company to grant a series of purchase rights to eligible employees under an employee stock purchase plan.

o) Redeemable convertible preferred shares

The Company classifies shares that are redeemable at a fixed or determinable price on a fixed or determinable date outside of permanent equity. The redeemable convertible preferred shares are classified outside of shareholders’ deficit because the shares contain certain redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Company. The Company records convertible preferred shares at fair value upon issuance, net of any issuance costs or discounts.

p) Recent accounting pronouncement not yet adopted

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2018-13, Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) (ASU 2018-13), which improved the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 significantly changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. ASU 2016-13 will require immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial assets, which will generally result in earlier recognition of allowances for credit losses on loans and other financial instruments. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning December 1, 2020 and subsequent interim periods. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

q) Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02) using the modified retrospective transition approach by applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. Results and disclosure requirements for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under Topic 840. Adoption of this standard resulted in the recording of an operating lease right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $0.3 million, for its headquarters located in Montréal (Québec), Canada. The Company’s consolidated balance sheet beginning on January 1, 2019 are presented under the new guidance, while prior year amount was not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance. This lease consisted of a 36-month period lease commencing December 1, 2017 and ending on November 30, 2020 for its office located in Montréal (Québec), Canada. It includes the possibility for the lessee to renew the term of the lease for a

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further 36-month period beginning December 1, 2020 and ending November 30, 2023. Operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liabilities are recognized upon the adoption date based on the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term. The company was not reasonably certain of renewing the lease following the initial term and recognized the right-of-use asset and operating lease liabilities over the remaining lease term.

The Company did not record an operating lease right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less and recognizes lease expense for these leases as incurred over the lease term.  Upon adoption date, the Company had only one operating lease with a remaining term of less than 12 months for its offices located in Charlotte, NC, which had a termination date of July 31, 2019, and for which the Company was not reasonably certain of renewing the lease. The lease was extended for two months and terminated in September 2019.

The Company does not have a public credit rating and carries no debt.  As such, several factors were considered in the determination of its incremental borrowing rate used in determining the present value of lease payments.  The Company examined the Bloomberg credit ratings for similar companies; assumed equivalency between the Canadian and US markets for collateralized debt; factored in the cumulative dividend rate on convertible preferred shares; and used short-term rates based on the remaining lease term of 23 months upon the standard adoption on January 1, 2019 and on 36 months for the new lease agreement entered into in September 2019.  This resulted in an incremental borrowing rate of 8%.  Lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, which is accomplished by increasing the amortization of the right-of-use asset as interest expense on the lease liability declines over the lease term.  The Company’s lease arrangements do not have lease and non-lease components which are accounted for separately. The adoption of the accounting standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated statement of operations or its consolidated statement of cash flow for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019.

3 Leases

On June 3, 2019, the Company entered into a new lease arrangement for a three-year term for its office located in Charlotte, NC. The Company recognized the operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liabilities at the lease commencement date on September 10, 2019. This resulted in an incremental borrowing rate of 8%.  Lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, which is accomplished by increasing the amortization of the right-of-use asset as interest expense on the lease liability declines over the lease term. The company was not reasonably certain of renewing the lease following the initial term and recognized the right-of-use asset and operating lease liabilities over the 36-month period ending September 30, 2022.

The Company’s two operating leases right-of-use assets are as follows as at December 31, 2019:

Operating lease expenses of $277 are included in general and administrative operating expenses in the consolidated statement loss and comprehensive loss, and within operating activities in the statement of cash flows for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2019, and are comprised of two operating lease right-of-use assets and one operating lease of less than 12 months.

The following table summarizes the future minimum lease payments of right-of-use assets operating lease as at December 31, 2019:

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As at December 31, 2018 in accordance with ASC 840, the Company had a lease commitment for its headquarters located in Montréal (Québec), Canada, expiring on November 30, 2020 with an option to renew for an additional three years and a commitment for its office located in Charlotte, North Carolina, which had a termination date of July 31, 2019. The minimum lease payments as at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

Total rental expense under operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $232.

4 Property and equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following at December 31:

During the year ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company did not record any write off. For the year ended December 31, 2019, amortization expense was $38 (in 2018, amortization expense was $10) and was included in research and development expense.

5 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities comprised the following as of December 31:

6 Convertible preferred shares

In May 2019, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”).  Upon the closing of the IPO, all outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares of Class A1, A2, B, C, D1 and D2 (collectively known as “Convertible Preferred Shares”) converted into 17,550,802 common shares.

Prior to converting to common shares in May 2019, the Company’s  convertible preferred shares allowed the holders to redeem their shares upon a change in control in the Company. As a result, the Company classified its Convertible Preferred Shares as mezzanine equity. The Company charged specific incremental issuance costs incurred in the offering of Convertible Preferred Shares against the gross proceeds of the Convertible Preferred Shares.

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Prior to May 2019, an authorized unlimited number of:

· Class A1 preferred shares, voting based on the number of common shares into which they could have been converted, annual non-cumulative dividend of 8% in preference to the holders of common shares calculated on their issue price. In addition, the Class A1 preferred shares were eligible to their pro rata shares, on an as-converted basis, to any dividend paid on common shares. The Class A1 preferred shares are subject to a weighted average antidilution adjustment in the event of a common share issuance at a price per share lower than C$5.3193

· Class A2 preferred shares, voting based on the number of common shares into which they could have been converted, preferential non-cumulative dividend of 8% pari passu with the Class B preferred shares and in preference to the holders of Class A1 preferred shares calculated on their issue price. In addition, the Class A2 preferred shares were eligible to their pro rata shares, on an as-converted basis, to any dividend paid on common shares. The Class A2 preferred shares were subject to a weighted average antidilution adjustment in the event of a common share issuance at a price per share lower than C$5.3193

· Class B preferred shares, voting based on the number of common shares into which they could have been converted, preferential non-cumulative dividend of 8% pari passu with the Class A2 preferred shares and in preference to the holders of Class A1 preferred shares calculated on their issue price. In addition, the Class B preferred shares were eligible to their pro rata shares, on an as-converted basis, to any dividend paid on common shares. The Class B preferred shares were subject to a weighted average antidilution adjustment in the event of a common share issuance at a price per share lower than $6.1172

· Class C preferred shares, voting based on the number of common shares into which they could have been converted, preferential non-cumulative dividend of 8% to the Class B and A2 preferred shares and in preference to the holders of Class A1 preferred shares calculated on their issue price. In addition, the Class B preferred shares were eligible to their pro rata shares, on an as-converted basis, to any dividend paid on common shares. The Class C preferred shares were subject to a weighted average antidilution adjustment in the event of a common share issuance at a price per share lower than $7.2619

· Class D1 preferred shares, voting based on the number of common shares into which they could have been converted, preferential non -cumulative dividend of 8% pari passu with the Class D2 preferred shares, and in preference to the holders of the Class C, Class B, Class A2 and Class A1 preferred shares calculated on their issue price. In addition, the Class D1 preferred shares were eligible to their pro rata shares, on an as-converted basis, to any non-cumulative dividend paid on common shares. The Class D1 preferred shares were subject to a weighted average antidilution adjustment in the event of a common share issuance at a price per share lower than $9.4295.

· Class D2 preferred shares, voting based on the number of common shares into which they could have been converted, preferential non-cumulative dividend of 8% pari passu with the Class D1 preferred shares, and in preference to the holders of the Class C, Class B, Class A2 and Class A1 preferred shares calculated on their issue price. In addition, the Class D2 preferred shares were eligible to their pro rata shares, on an as-converted basis, to any non-cumulative dividend paid on common shares. The Class D2 preferred shares were subject to a weighted average antidilution adjustment in the event of a common share issuance at a price per share lower than $12.2583.

The Company early adopted the guidance on down round features from ASU 2017-11 with respect to the antidilution adjustments for the Class A1, Class A2, Class B, Class C, Class D1 and D2 preferred shares.

The Class A1, A2, B, C, D1 and D2 preferred shares would have automatically converted into common shares at the applicable conversion price upon (i) closing of a qualified initial public offering at a price per share based on a pre-money valuation of the Company of at least $250,000 and resulting in gross proceeds of at least $60,000, whereby the shares would be listed on one or more Recognized Stock Exchanges; and (ii) the election to convert by a majority of the Class A1, A2, B, C, D1 and D2 preferred shares. The conversion rate of Class A1, A2, B, C, D1 and D2 preferred shares into common shares at the time of conversion was 1:1.

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The holders of the Company’s Convertible Preferred Shares were entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends at the rate of 8% of the purchase price per annum in preference to any dividends to the holders of the common shares, payable as and if when declared by the Board of Directors. The holders of the Convertible Preferred Shares also were entitled to participate pro rata in any dividends paid to the holders of the common shares on an as-converted basis. The Board of Directors had not declared any dividends as of May 2019 when the Preferred Shares were converted and therefore no dividends were paid.

Upon the liquidation of the Company, the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock were entitled to receive, in preference to the holders of the common stock and in order of priority, an amount equal to $12.4472 per share for Series D2 Convertible Preferred Stock, $9.5747 per share for Series D1 Convertible Preferred Stock, $7.9258 per share for Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, $7.3406 per share for Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, $7.713 per share for Series A2 Convertible Preferred Stock and $8.83 per share for Series A1 Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Liquidation Preference”). Following payment in full to the holders of preferred shares of all amounts distributable to them, the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to holders of the Company’s share capital would have been distributed on a pro rata basis among (i) the holders of any preferred shares convertible into common shares of the Company on an as if converted basis; and (ii) the holders of the common shares.

The holders of 70% of Class A1, A2, B, C, D1 and D2 preferred shares, voting as a single class, could have required that the Company redeem the preferred shared at the earlier of a sale or an exclusive license of all or substantially all intellectual property of the Company or all of the assets and the fifth anniversary of the closing date of the Class D preferred shares. The redemption price would have been the higher of the liquidation preference or the fair market value of such preferred shares. Class A1 preferred shares could have been only redeemed once Class A2, B, C, D1 and D2 preferred shares were fully redeemed.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company issued the following Convertible Preferred Shares:

a) On October 17, 2018, the Company issued 6,893,236 Class D1 preferred shares for gross proceeds of $65,000. The costs related with this share issuance were $281.

b) On October 17, 2018, the Company issued 1,223,656 Class D2 preferred shares for gross proceeds of $15,000. The costs related with this share issuance were $65.

No convertible preferred shares were issued for the year ended December 31, 2019. All preferred shares were converted to common share upon closing of the IPO in May 2019.

7 Shareholders’ equity (deficit)

Authorized share capital

An unlimited number of common shares, voting and participating, without par value.

In May 2019, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”), whereby the Company issued in total 6,325,000 common shares at a public offering price of $15.00 per share (note 1). The gross proceeds received by the Company from the offering were $94.9 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all outstanding shares of Class A1, A2, B, C, D1 and D2 preferred shares converted into 17,550,802 common shares.

The Company’s board of directors adopted and its shareholders approved the 2019 Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) in April 2019, which became effective on May 8, 2019. The number of common shares initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP was 278,734 common shares. The number of shares reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, beginning on January 1, 2020 through January 1, 2029, by the lesser of (1) 1% of the total number of shares of the Company’s share capital outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of the automatic increase and (2) 487,837 shares; provided that before the date of any such increase, the Company’s board of directors may determine that such increase will be less than the amount set forth in clauses (1) and

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(2). As of December 31, 2019, no common shares have been issued under the ESPP. The first offering period has not yet been decided by the Company’s board of directors.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued a total of 33,162 common shares (in 2018, 356,797) for a total cash consideration of $44 (in 2018, $461) pursuant to the exercise of 33,162 stock options (in 2018, 356,797) at an average exercise price of $1.326 per option (in 2018, $1.287 per option). As a result, an amount of $41 (in 2018, $350) previously included in additional paid-in capital related to the exercised options has been credited to share capital and deducted from additional paid-in capital.

Additional paid-in capital

Share-based compensation

The Company’s board of directors adopted and its shareholders approved the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) in April 2019, which became effective on May 8, 2019 in connection with the IPO. Initially, the maximum number of the Company’s common shares that may be issued under the 2019 Plan was 4,710,564 shares, which is the sum of (1) 1,923,501 new shares, plus (2) the number of shares (not to exceed 2,787,063 shares) (i) that remained available for the issuance of awards under the Company’s Stock Option Plan (the “2011 Plan”) at the time the 2019 Plan became effective, and (ii) any shares subject to outstanding options or other share awards that were granted under the 2011 Plan that terminate, expire or are otherwise forfeited, reacquired or withheld. In addition, the number of the Company’s common shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, starting on January 1, 2020 through January 1, 2029, in an amount equal to 4% of the total number of the Company’s capital shares outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of each automatic increase, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors. As of May 8, 2019, the Company’s 2011 Plan was terminated and no further option grants will be made under the 2011 Plan.

On October 15, 2018, the Company amended for a third time and restated the share option plan (the 2011 Plan) whereby options to purchase common shares of the Company’s shares may be granted to directors, officers, employees, consultants and members of the scientific advisory board. The 2011 Plan is administered by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors determines the number of options to be granted, the vesting period and the exercise price of new options. It is the Company’s policy to establish the exercise price at an amount that approximates the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant as determined by the Board of Directors.

Under the 2011 Plan, unless otherwise decided by the Board of Directors, options vest and are exercisable as follows: 25% are exercisable from the first anniversary of grant date and 2.0833% become available at the end of each month after the first anniversary of grant date.

The 2011 Plan was terminated as of May 8, 2019 and a total of 2,364,526 options are outstanding at December 31, 2019.

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As of December 31, 2019, there were 2,316,933 options available for awards under the 2019 Plan, of which 287,138 options were granted and 66,998 forfeited, leaving 2,096,793 available for future grant. The outstanding and exercisable options at December 31 were as follows:

As of December 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining contractual life was 7.8 years (for 2018, 8.6 years). The weighted average remaining contractual life was 7.0 years for vested options (for 2018, 6.6 years). For the year ended December 31, 2019, 14,099 options and 66,998 options were forfeited under the 2011 Plan and the 2019 Plan, respectively, amounting to a total of 81,097 options forfeited in 2019 (for 2018, 12,198).

Options granted are valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Amortization of the fair value of the options over vesting years has been expensed and credited to additional paid-in capital in shareholders’ deficit. The weighted average fair values of options granted in 2019 was $6.649 for the 2011 Plan and $13.912 for the 2019 plan (in 2018 for the 2011 Plan, $1.463). Share-based compensation expense recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1,191 (in 2018, $633).

As of December 31, 2019, there was $6,464 (for 2018, $2,402) of total unrecognized compensation cost, related to non-vested share options, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average vesting period of 2.6 years (for 2018, 3.1 years).

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The following table summarizes information with respect to share options outstanding as of December 31, 2019: